![]() IgG is a monomer with an approximate molecular weight of 146 Kd and a serum concentration of 9.0 mg/mL. IgM is regarded as a potent agglutinin (e.g., anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin present in type B and type A blood, respectively), and a monomer of IgM is used as a B cell receptor (BCR). It is a pentamer and activates the classical pathway of the complement system. It is mainly produced in the primary immune response to infectious agents or antigens. IgM has a molecular weight of 970 Kd and an average serum concentration of 1.5 mg/ml. All antibodies exhibit one or more functions (bifunctional), including activation of the complement system, opsonization of microbes to be easily phagocytosed, prevention of attachment of the microbes to mucosal surfaces, and neutralization of toxins and viruses. These fold into regions that produce two antigen-binding sites at the tip of each monomer. There are three HRRs in the V domains of each light and heavy chain. The hypervariable regions (HRR) contain the antigen-binding sites. There are 4 or 5 domains in the heavy chain, depending on their class, and two domains in the light chain. The chains are folded into regions called domains. They have one Fc region that mediates biological functions (e.g., the binding capacity to cellular receptors) and a Fab region containing antigen-binding sites. The following are five types of immunoglobulins in humans:īasic Immunoglobulin Structure and FunctionĪntibodies or immunoglobulins have two light chains and two heavy chains in a light-heavy-heavy-light structure arrangement. Circulating antibodies recognize antigens in tissue fluids and serum. These are intermediate, differentiated B cells that can quickly become plasma cells. The immune system remembers the antigens that caused a previous reaction (memory) due to the development of memory B cells. Furthermore, one clone of a B cell makes an immunoglobulin (specificity). A signal is produced that directs the activation of transcription factors to stimulate the synthesis of antibodies, which are highly specific for the immunogen that stimulated the B cell. The immunogen or antigen reacts with a B-cell receptor (BCR) on the cell surface of B lymphocytes. ![]() Immunoglobulins constitute about 20% of the protein in plasma. Plasma cells are protein-making cells participating in humoral immune responses against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cellular antigens, chemicals, and synthetic substances. B cells are instructed by specific immunogens, for example, bacterial proteins, to differentiate into plasma cells. Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells. This activity describes the physiology and pathophysiology of immunoglobulins. In addition, circulating antibodies recognize antigens in tissue fluids and serum. Besides, the immune system remembers the antigens that caused a previous reaction (memory) due to the development of memory B cells. B cells are instructed by specific immunogens, for example, bacterial proteins, to differentiate into plasma cells, which are protein-making cells that participate in humoral immune responses against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cellular antigens, chemicals, and synthetic substances.
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